After receiving a doctoral degree from the Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), I conducted post-doctoral research at the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology (CSBN), Concordia University (Montreal, PQ, Canada), and at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). I returned to the Sapienza University of Rome in 1999 as an Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, progressing to Associate Professor in 2001 and then to Professor in 2008. From 2012 to 2020, I have been Professor of Psychology and Addiction Medicine at the University of Sussex, where I am currently Emeritus Professor.